[1] Richter AA, Mais CN, Czech L, Geyer K, Hoeppner A, Smits SHJ, Erb TJ, Bange G, Bremer E. Biosynthesis of the Stress-Protectant and Chemical Chaperon Ectoine: Biochemistry of the Transaminase EctB. Front Microbiol. 2019 Dec 10;10:2811.
[2] Bow JR, Sonoki Y, Uchiyama M, Dauskardt RH. Ectoine disperses keratin and alters hydration kinetics in stratum corneum. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2021 Sep 17;28:101134.
[3] Marini A, Reinelt K, Krutmann J, Bilstein A. Ectoine-containing cream in the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis: a randomised, comparator-controlled, intra-individual double-blind, multi-center trial. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2014;27(2):57-65.
[4] Hseu YC, Chen XZ, Vudhya Gowrisankar Y, Yen HR, Chuang JY, Yang HL. The Skin-Whitening Effects of Ectoine via the Suppression of α-MSH-Stimulated Melanogenesis and the Activation of Antioxidant Nrf2 Pathways in UVA-Irradiated Keratinocytes. Antioxidants (basel). 2020 Jan 10;9(1):63.
[6] Markova NG, Karaman-Jurukovska N, Dong KK, Damaghi N, Smiles KA, Yarosh DB. Skin cells and tissue are capable of using L-ergothioneine as an integral component of their antioxidant defense system. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Apr 15;46(8):1168-76.
[7] Dong KK, Damaghi N, Kibitel J, Canning MT, Smiles KA, Yarosh DB. A comparison of the relative antioxidant potency of L-ergothioneine and idebenone. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007 Sep;6(3):183-8.